October 2018

How the perception of light by phytochrome is linked to the production of gibberellin and anthesin in longday and short-day plants is not clear. One idea is that plants measure the amount of Pfr present. Flowering in short-day plants would be inhibited by Pfr, and these plants would not flower until very little or no Pfr remained after a long night. Po flower, long-day plants would require some minimum level of Pfr, which would not be available if the nights were too long but this explanation is not viable because Pfr vanishes within a few hours after the dark period begins.

Alternately, levels of phytochrome may influence an internal biological clock that keeps track of time. Phe clock establishes a free-running circadian rhythm of about twenty-four hours, this clock needs to be constantly reset to parallel the natural changes in photoperiod as the seasons change. Phytochrome interacts with the clock to synchronize the rhythm with the environment, a prospect that is strengthened by night-break experiments, where the time of the light flash during the night is critical. In the case of the Japanese morning glory, there are times during the night that a red light flash completely inhibits flowering and other times when it has no effect. In these experiments, the phase of the rhythm of the clock defines the nature of the interaction with phytochrome.

Studies on the relationship between flowering and day length have focused on the production of gibberellin and anthesin. Phere is evidence that the production of inhibitors by leaves is also under photoperiodic control. This has been demonstrated for photoperiodic tobacco plants and for some peas. In the case of the pea, the inhibitory effect is most obvious for short days, but lower levels of inhibitors continue to be produced as the days grow longer.

See also: Photoperiod, Temperature, Genetic Control of Flowering

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Type:  Annual Flower

Species:  40

Height:   1.5

Growing:  Europe

Flowers:  Red

Kingdom:  Plantae

Unranked:  Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids

Order:  Poales

Family:  Bromeliaceae

Genus:  Hohenbergia

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The epoch of French classicism in park art was marked by grandiose creations of Andre Lenotr. Before him the building of gardens was imitated to Italians. After creation of such remarkable creations like parks Tuileries, the Marlie, Saint-Cloud and especially Versailles all world has started to imitate his ideas. The ensembles of Lenotr created fine conditions of palace residences, brilliant scenery for palace celebrations. The architecture of his parks developed under regular laws, the laws of regular style. The regular kind assumes strict symmetry in a garden lay-out. They are characterized by straight lines, and strict axial composition. And now it is used where it is necessary to underline the human influence on nature, to bring in a composition the sensation of order, severity and solemnity. The emotional feature of the style – is elation, solemnity, the abundance of sculptures, theatricality.

The regular kind is magnificent. Wide direct avenues left in prospect, cut trees, ornamental flower beds on a lawn, bewitching by abundance of colours and shades. As A.E.Regel, wrote the most important line of regular style consists in, that «artificiality not only was exposed on the foreground, but necessarily superseded any naturalness. The garden formed the isolated world by high walls or a dense fence». And such type of order was considered extremely desirable and universal. Such point of view is supported with that fact that people feel pleasure at sensation of order. They assert that basically they give preference to order, rather than chaos, symmetry, rather than by asymmetries. Water was an important element of a regular garden: the strict form pools with fountains, cascades, wall fountains. With a low orchestra sharply contrasted bosquets – exactly cut in the form of walls trees and bushes. Skilful palace gardeners used them for creation in a garden a whole system of small “halls” and “offices”, placing them along paths. But some ideas for certain can be used in your own garden. Perhaps, exactly this can become that highlight that your garden needs but doesn’t have.

What can you learn in practice from the great gardeners of the past? For example, the registration of flower beds with the help of figure cut evergreen bushes. For one bush a couple of square meters is enough. Two or four bushes that are symmetrically located, can define the character of the whole garden. It looks perfectly if there is a bush In the centre of a bed, cut in the form of sphere, cone or other unusual form. The Evergreen landings can be shaded with white or coloured gravel or to recover them by blossoming plants. Such ideas are quite acceptable for our conditions. A cosy corner can become small semicircular niche with a bench a couple meters in diameter, separated from the house or street by an impenetrable green hedge or a three-leaved mirror-support for twisted plants.

See also: French Garden Pictures, French Garden Videos, The Italian Style, The Landscape Style, Japanese Garden

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Type:  Annual Flower, Perennial Flower

Species: 500

Height:   5 – 20

Growing:  New Zeland

Flowers:  Blue

Kingdom:  Plantae

Unranked:  Angiosperms, eudicots, Asterids

Order:  Lamiales

Family:  Plantaginaceae

Genus:  Veronica

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Type:  Annual and Perennial
Species:  40
Height:  10-40
Growing:  Africa, Asia, Australia
Flowers:  Yellow
Kingdom:  Plantae
Unranked:  Angiosperms, Eudicots, Rosids
Order:  Malvales
Family:  Malvaceae
Genus:  Abelmoschus

Type:  Perennial Flower

Species:  200 – 300

Height:   5 -30

Growing:  Australia, Polynesia, China

Flowers:  White, Pink

Kingdom:  Plantae

Unranked:  Angiosperms, Eudicots, Asterids

Order:  Gentianales

Family:  Apocynaceae

Genus:  Hoya

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The modern styles of a small garden are aesthetics and individuality. The lay-out, usage of certain vegetative forms and combinations, type of pavement and equipment, determine the choice and character of modern style of a small garden. The garden style is followed by the change of architectural styles, but considerably lags behind them. The small garden depending on the way of life of its owners, their tastes, tempted the fashion influence. So the new styles appeared.

See also: Modernist Style, Dutch Garden, Colonial Style, Rural Style

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Wild rose plants have regular, single flowers, with five petals. In most cultivars double flowers, having petals numbered in multiples of five, are produced. The flower also has a calyx with five lobes, many stamens, and one or more carpels. Rose sprouts have two seed leaves, so the plants are eudicots. Flowers of most cultivars bear few seeds, and the majority of them are sterile. The number of seeds is small because in double roses, flower parts that would otherwise produce seeds become extra petals. Therefore, most roses are grown from cuttings. All new rose varieties begin as seedlings, raised from fertile seeds.

Lily flowers grow one per stalk or in clusters. In contrast to roses, they have six petal-like segments, causing the flowers to resemble trumpets or ups. The flowers range from white to shades of almost all other colors except blue. Lily flowers all have three-chambered ovaries with nectaries between the chambers. They produce large, well-developed seeds which hold plenty of food-storage tissue and embryos. Plants of most species are 1 to 4 feet (0.3 to 1.3 meters) tall, though a few grow up to 8 feet (nearly 3 meters) tall. Lilies are usually raised from bulbs but can be grown from seed. Most species of these perennials bloom once, in July or August. However, flowering periods of some species begin in May or late autumn.

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Corolla is the collective term for all the petals of a single flower. This is usually the showy part of the flower. In fused corollas, any extension of the petal beyond its fused part is called the limb. The tubelike structure where the petals are united at the bottom of the fused corollas is called the tube. The opening at the top of the tube in fused corollas is called the throat. In the following different types of corolla shapes, numbers 1 to 6 are actinomorphic, while numbers 7 to 11 are zygomorphic.

1. Rotate: wheel-shaped with a short tube and large limb (example: bluets).

2. Campanulate: bell-shaped with an extended, flaring tube (example: bellflower).

3. Funnelform: funnel-shaped with a continuously expanding tube and little flaring (example: bindweeds).

4. Tubular: an elongated tube with minimal limb (example: trumpet vine).

5. Salverform: an elongated tube with a conspicuous limb, trumpet-shaped (examples: Russian olive, morning glory).

6. Urceolate: an inflated tube with a terminal constriction, urn-shaped (example: highbush blueberry).

7. Bilabiate: two-lipped, usually because of the presence of a landing platform formed by basal lobes (examples: snapdragon, salvia).

8. Ligulate: petals connate at the margins to form a strap-shaped corolla (example: asters).

9. Galeate: helmet-shaped (example: pedicularis).

10. Spurred: with an extension or spur that often produces nectaries (examples: impatiens, utricularia).

11. Papilionaceous: like a butterfly with a central standard petal and lateral wing petal (example: lupines).

See also: Flowers of Monocots and Dicots, Types of Inflorescence

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