There are already about 250,000 species of flowering plants that have been discovered and named. The basis for their diversity comes from their incredible reproductive success in a wide variety of habitats. The success of this group is also reflected by the diversity of their flowers that show astonishing displays of different forms, sizes, shapes, and colors all of these to lure pollinators and effect sexual reproduction.

Flowers are considered as an organ system because they are made up of two or more sets, or whorls, of leaflike structures. A typical flower is composed of four whorls, which are the sepals, petals, stamens, and apistil with one or more carpels. Much of the variation among flowers is based on variation of these basic parts.

Complete and Incomplete Flowers

A flower that has all four whorls of floral parts is said to be a complete flower (such as the hibiscus and the lily). An incomplete flower lacks any one or more of these parts (such as those of elms, willows, oaks, and plantains). With or without sepals and petals, a flower that has both stamen and pistil is called a perfect flower. Thus, all compete flowers are prefect, but not all perfect flowers are complete. In contrast, types of flowers that have only stamens or only pistils are called imperfect flowers.

Unisexual and Bisexual Flowers

Unisexual flowers are either staminate (bearing stamens only) or pistillate (bearing pistils only) and are said to be imperfect. Bisexual flowers are perfect because they have both stamens and pistil. When staminate and pistillate flowers occur on the same individual, the plant is called monoecious (examples include corn and the walnut tree). When staminate and pistillate types of flowers are borne on separate individual flowers, the plant is said to be dioecious (examples include asparagus and willow).

Superior or Inferior Ovaries

The position of the ovary also varies among different flower types. A flower has a superior ovary when the base of the ovary is located above where the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached. This point of attachment is referred to as the receptacle or hypanthium, the fused bases of the three floral parts (tulips and St. John’s wort are examples). An inferior flower has an ovary below where the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached (as do daffodils and sabatia). Some flowers show an intermediate type, where the receptacle partly surrounds the ovary; the petals and stamens branch from the receptacle about halfway up the ovary (as in cherry, peach, and almond flowers).

Hypogynous, Epigynous, and Perigynous Flowers

The position of the ovary in relation to the attachment of floral parts also varies from superior to inferior ovaries. Flowers in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached below the ovary are called hypogynous, and the ovaries of such flowers are said to be superior (as in pelargonium and silene). Flowers in which the sepals, petals, and stamens appear to be attached to the upper part of the ovary due to the fusion of the hypanthium are called epigynous, and the ovaries of such flowers are said to be inferior (as in cornus and narcissus). Flowers types in which the hypanthium forms a cuplike or tubular structure that partly surrounds the ovary are called perigynous. In such flowers, the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the rim of the hypanthium, and the ovaries of such flowers are superior.

Fused and Distinct Floral Parts

The parts of a flower may be free orunited. Fusion of like parts (such as petals united to petals) is called connation. When like parts are not fused, they are said to be distinct(one petal is distinct from another petal). Fusion of unlike parts (stamens united to petals) is called adnation, and the contrasting condition is called free(stamens are free from petals). Fused structures may be united from the moment of origin onward, or they may initially be separate and grow together as one later in development.

Regular and Irregular Flowers

In many different flowers, the petals of similar shape radiate from the center of the flower and are equidistant from one another. Such types of flowers are said to have regularor radial symmetry. In these cases, even though there may be an uneven number of sepals and petals, any line drawn through the center of the flower will divide it into two similar halves. The halves are either exact duplicates or mirror images of each other. Flowers with radial symmetry are also called actinomorphic flowers(examples: stonecrop, morning glory). Flowers with irregularor bilateral symmetryhave parts arranged in such a way that only one line can divide the flower into equal halves that are more or less mirror images of each other. Flowers with bilateral symmetry are also called zygomorphic flowers(examples: mint, pea, snapdragon). A few flowers have no plane of symmetry and are referred to as asymmetrical.

Corolla Shapes

Corollais the collective term for all the petals of a single flower. This is usually the showy part of the flower.

Continue of the article: Corolla Shapes

Flowers of Monocots and Dicots

Floral variation provides part of the basis for dividing the flowering plants into two major groups: the dicotyledonsand the monocotyledons.

Continue of the article: Flowers of Monocots and Dicots

Types of Inflorescence

Flowers may be solitary, or they may be grouped together in an inflorescence, a cluster of flowers. An inflorescence has one main stalk, or peduncle.

Continue of the article: Types of Inflorescence

All plants are divided on annual, biannual and perennial. The most known are annual:  sunflowers, marigolds, nails, petunias – all of them live only one season. The biannual plants live two seasons, after that they sow seeds and die. The word perennial concerns plants which live longer, than two years: for example, hosts, peonies, phloxes.

Formally talking trees and bushes should concerns to perennial plants too as they live more than two years. But in the standard understanding the perennial plants designate only grassy plants which not apathetic runaways die in autumn in order to grow again next spring.

Why we can recommend to grow up perennial plants?

If in your garden prevail annual plants, than you have to know well the annual actions connected with their cultivation: you buy flowers seeds (or collect them by yourself), sow them in early spring, then replace the grown up sprouts to a constant place in a garden, you look after them, feed them up, weed them throughout all season (for what they thank you with  long and plentiful flowering), and in the end of a season you take them away from your garden in order  to begin all this again in spring.

The perennial flowers garden remain on the same place within several years. Once planted in a garden, the majority of them requires the minimum care, like watering and feeding, quickly expands, filling empty spaces in a garden and giving to you more and more colour and aroma.

Will the perennials blossom all the summer, as well as the annuals?

The majority of perennials has a period of the most plentiful flowering which lasts from a week to about a month or even longer. Usually at purchasing of plants this period (it can be an early summer or, for example, autumn) – is underlined on a label. Some of the perennials blossom long enough, but they also have a period of the most magnificent flowering, in the rest of time they pleas you with only single flowers.

It looks like such specialty of perennials is their negative feature as they cannot blossom all season without interruption. However it’s only the first sight: the correct placing of plants will easily solve this problem, and your garden made of perennials will decorate your place since spring till late autumn.

Certainly, the same types of flowers will not blossom all the summer long, but replacing each other they will provide to you continuous flowering and an abundance of paints to the frosts. You can observe, how one shades in your garden gradually disappear, leaving place to absolutely new colour ideas; your garden during all season will change and surprise you with all new and new images.

Believe, this is one of advantages of a garden perennial – none of the annuals is able to create in a garden such variety, and even a skilled gardener will not be able to make in one composition such a courageous and constantly varying combinations of colours and shades.

See also: Grass Perennials, Garden Paths, Garden’s Structure

Flower Names: Scientific-to-Common

The following table lists, in alphabetical order by genus and species name (far-left column), some of the more common organisms studied by sci¬entists, including not only plants (kingdom Plantae) but also some of the more important members of the kingdoms Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protista. Arranged alphabetically by genus, organisms from these different kingdoms are intermixed in this ta-ble. Those interested in the taxonomic arrangement of organisms should refer to the appendix in this volume headed “Plant Classification.” Useful arti¬cles, also in these volumes, are “Cladistics,” “Molec-ular Systematics,” “Systematics and Classification,” “Systematics: Overview,” and the various articles filed under “evolution.” To find the scientific name for a common plant name, consult the appendix ti-tled “Flower Names: Common-to-Scientific.”

Scientific names for plants are created according to rules set forth in the International Code of Bo-tanical Nomenclature (ICBN). The ICBN describes how names are to be constructed, but it does not in-dicate which names are correct, or best. The ICBN specifies a two-word naming system called bino¬mial nomenclature. Each flowers is given a two-word name (a binomial), and all scientists agree to use this name exclusively. As a result of this naming system, the confusion caused by the common flower names that most people use (such as “bluebells”) is avoided. Occasionally, a scientific name must be changed, usually because the rules for naming a flower were not followed correctly. Normally, how-ever, the scientific name is very stable.

In addition to the binomial, which names a flowers species, each plant has a name for each higher-level group to which it belongs. Each plant belongs to a genus, each genus to a family, each family to an order, each order to a class, each class to a phylum, each phylum to a kingdom, and each kingdom to one of the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria (both made up of microorganisms formed by prokaryotic, or nucleus-free, cells), and Eukarya. The domain Eukarya, made up of organ¬isms with cells that have nuclei, contains four king¬doms of life: Protista (protists, mainly molds and al¬gae), Fungi (mainly nonphotosynthetic organisms), Plantae (plants, both nonvascular and vascular), and Animalia (animals).

Names for the higher-level flower groups, or taxa, are all created according to rules of the ICBN. The rules for naming higher-level groups do not indi¬cate which names are best or most correct. Unlike the binomial genus-species names of flowers, on which scien¬tists generally agree, the best name for the higher-level groups to which these genera belong can sometimes be controversial. Therefore, some of the higher-level groups have more than one proposed name of flowers. Neither of the names is necessarily more cor¬rect than the other. Usually the different names of flowers re¬flect different ideas about how the higher-level groups are related to each other. In some cases, the higher-level names that are listed were selected from several proposed flowers names. Other sources may classify some of these genera under slightly differ¬ent higher-level group names, as a result of the on¬going studies, discussions, and controversies over classification. The binomial genus-species name, however, will nearly always be the same. The exis¬tence of more than one name for some of the higher levels of flowers classification is simply a reminder that botanists are constantly learning new things about plants and occasionally change their ideas about how plants should be named.

Each of the organisms (bacteria, fungi, and plants) listed in this appendix is alphabetized by its binomial scientific name (far left-hand column); the most often used common name appears in the mid¬dle column. Finally, the far-right column identifies the kingdom (k.), phylum (p.), class (c.), order (o.), and family (f.) in which the species is commonly classified, along with some notable characteristics. All organisms can be assumed to belong to the do¬main Eukarya unless one of the other domains (ei¬ther Archaea or Bacteria) is identified. The abbrevia¬tion g., for “group,” indicates a group name that is “artificial”—that is, not based on evolutionary rela¬tionships but rather on some common characteris-tics that have made it convenient for researchers to regard these organisms as a group. The abbrevia-tion spp. stands for “species” (plural).

Flowers Names

Flowers hold a special significance in everybody’s life. These tender blossoms fill our world with abundant joy and happiness and color the world in perfect Diaspora. Every flower has some significance and holds an individual meaning of its own. Whether it is roses, Chrysanthemums, lilies or jasmines, each of them has a tale to tell. Here on this page you will find the names of different flowers with their importance and meaning. So next time you select flowers for someone, you can be absolutely sure what they convey to the recipient. Flowers can express a diverse range of emotions. From passionate love to treasured friendship, innocent affection or solemn sympathy, flowers are sometimes able to convey feelings and thoughts that words cannot. Flowers, just like all other plants, have both common and Latin names. The Latin ones are universal worldwide and are basically composed of a genus name, followed by a species name (and then often cultivar or variety names). These Latin names aren’t nearly so perplexing if you know a bit about their derivation. Apart from each of the names of flowers being imbued with symbolism such as romance or sympathy or affection, all kinds of flowers express specific phrases as well. As a matter of fact, the Victorians were the ones who used flower symbolism most profusely to communicate subtly what they wanted to say, but could not speak aloud since decorum would not allow it. No discussion about flowers can be complete without the mention of some flowers that have become a part of the celebrations of special occasions in our life. Remember that these meanings are the ones that have been traditionally associated with these kinds of flowers. The same flower may have a different meaning for you because of a special occasion or remembrance that is associated with it. The surprising kinds of flower names will make us all wonder about the beauty of each flower. First among the vast range of beautiful flowers is anthurium. These flowers are red in color and are surrounded by green leaves. These flowers have a striking appearance and will draw your attention immediately.

Everything symbolic of a hidden meaning is intriguing to the human mind. The innocent flower, being one of those intriguing symbols. There are hundreds of legends associated with flowers and flower names. Flowers have come to occupy an irreplaceable significance in our life through various means. Flowers name are a vital part of our culture, tradition, religion and literature. This nature’s blossom continues to imbue every special occasion in our life with a special fragrance. It is not within the scope of this treatise on flowers to talk of all the legends associated with flowers. However, we can begin by taking a look at some of the popular legends.

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1. PARASITIC PLANTS
              Haustorium
              Fungal Parasites
              Angiosperm Parasite
              Origin of Parasitism

2. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
              Genetic Engineering
              Public Concern
              Economic Goals
              Nutritional Goals
              Novel Products
              Plant Tissue Cultures
              Micropropagation
              Steps in Genetic Engineering
              Plant Transformation Methods
              Selection of Transformed Plant Cells
              Regenerating Whole Transformed Plants

3. PLANT CELLS MOLECULAR LEVEL
              Organic Macromolecules
              Carbohydrates
              Lipids
              Nucleic Acids
              Proteins

4. PLANT DOMESTICATION AND BREEDING
              Early Crop Domestication
              Modern Plant Breeding
              Recombinant Technology

5. PLANT FIBERS
              Cotton
              Flax
              Hemp
              Minor Crops

6. PLANT LIFE SPANS
              Types of Life Spans
              Monocarpic Plants
              Polycarpic and Paucicarpic Plants
              Potential and Real Life Spans

7. PLANT SCIENCE
              Morphology
              Anatomy
              Cytology
              Physiology
              Genetics
              Molecular Biology
              Ecology
              Pale botany
              Economic Botany
              Related Disciplines

8. PLANT TISSUES
              Ground Tissues
              Procambium

9. PLANTS WITH POTENTIAL
              Guayule
              Jojoba
              Hesperaloe

A mature seed typically consists of a mature plant ovum containing a minute, partially developed young plant, the embryo, surrounded by an abundant supply of food and enclosed by a protective seed coat. Seed plants are divided into two main groups: the gymnosperms, primarily conebearing plants such as pine, spruce, and fir trees, and the angiosperms, the flowering plants. The gymnosperms have naked ovules which, at the time of pollination, are exposed directly to the pollen grains. Their food supply in the seed is composed of a female gametophyte, rather than the endosperm found in angiosperms.

In angiosperms, seeds develop from ovules that are enclosed in a protective ovary. The ovary is the basal portion of the carpel, typically a vaseshaped structure located at the center of a flower. The top of the carpel, the stigma, is sticky, and when a pollen grain lands upon it, the grain is firmly held. The germinating pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows down through the stigma and style into the ovary and pierces the ovule.

Two male sperm nuclei are released from the pollen grain and travel down the pollen tube into the ovule. One of the sperm nuclei fuses with an egg cell inside the ovule. This fertilized egg divides many times and develops into the embryo. The second male nucleus unites with other parts of the ovule and develops into the endosperm, a starchy or fatty tissue that is used by the embryo as a source of food during germination. Angiosperm seeds remain protected at maturity. While the seed develops, the enclosing ovary also develops into a hard shell, called a seed coat or testa, often enclosed in a fibrous or fleshy fruit.

Structure

Although the characteristics of different plant seeds vary greatly, some structural features are common to all seeds.

Continue of the article: Structure

Size and Chemistry

The range of seed size is extreme more than nine orders of magnitude.

Continue of the article: Size and Chemistry

Dispersal

A seed can be regarded as a vessel in which lies a partially developed young plant in a condition of arrested growth, waiting for the correct conditions for growth to resume.

Continue of the article: Dispersal

Dormancy

Seeds are adapted for conditions other than geographic dispersal.

Continue of the article: Dormancy

Type:  Annual Flower, Perennial Flower
Species: 6
Height:   60-90
Growing:  Europe, North America, Asia
Flowers:  Green
Kingdom:  Plantae
Unranked:  Magnoliophyta
Order:  TRochodendrales
Family:  Trochodendraceae
Genus:  Trochodendron

Flowers may be solitary, or they may be grouped together in an inflorescence, a cluster of flowers. An inflorescence has one main stalk, or peduncle. It mayalso bear numerous smaller stalks called pedicels, each with a flower at its tip. The arrangement of pedicels on a peduncle characterizes different kinds of inflorescences. Some of the common types of inflorescences are as follows:

Spike: The flowers, which are with a very short or with no pedicel, are attached along the elongate and unbranched peduncle of the inflorescence (examples: plantain, spearmint, tamarisk).

Raceme: The flowers are with pedicels of about the same length, which are attached along the elongate and unbranched peduncle of the inflorescence (examples: lily of the valley, snapdragon, mustard, currant). The oldest flowers are at the base of the inflorescence and the youngest at the apex.

Panicle: The flowers are with pedicels, which are attached along the branches arising from the peduncle of the inflorescence (examples: oats, rice, fescue).

Corymb: The flowers are with pedicels of unequal length, which are attached along an unbranched, elongate peduncle, forming a flattopped inflorescence (examples: hawthorne, apple, dogwood).

Umbel: The flowers are with pedicles, which are all attached at about the same point at the end of the peduncle this is specifically called a simple umbel (examples: onion, geranium, milkweed). A compound umbelis formed when the peduncle produces branches that end at approximately the same level, forming a flat top, and the ends of these branches arise from a common point (examples: carrot, dill, parsley).

Head: The flowers do not have pedicels, and they all cluster tightly on the expanded tip of the peduncle (examples: sunflower, daisy, marigold). This type of inflorescence is also referred to as capitulum.

Cyme: The flowers with pedicels are located at the ends of the peduncle and lateral branches as well as along the length of the lateral branches. The youngest flowers in any cluster occur farthest from the tip of the peduncle (example: chickweed).

Catkin:The flowers have no pedicels, are unisexual (either staminate or pistillate), and are at tached along the length of the peduncle (examples: hazelnut, willow, birch, walnut). The flowers are usually very small and fall as a group. This type of inflorescence is also referred to as ament.

Spadix: The flowers have no pedicels and are attached along the length of the thickened or fleshy peduncle, which is enveloped by a conspicuously colored bract called a spathe (example: philodendron, anthurium).

Some types of inflorescences characterize different groups of plants. For example, nearly all members of the carrot family (Apiaceae) have compound umbels. All members of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) have heads, including chrysanthemums, zinnias, marigolds, and dandelions. All members of the arum family (Araceae) have a spadix inflorescence.

The most popular garden plants are roses and lilies. Rose is the common name for members of the family Rosaceae, a family of one hundred genera and three thousand species. Included are important fruit and ornamental species, including the familiar genus Rosa (true roses). Rosaceae and more than twenty other families belong to the order Resales. Rosaceae grow as trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Within this family, food is produced by apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, apricot, almond, and nectarine trees. Many berries, including raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries, are Rosaceae.

Since antiquity, the true rose has been among the most popular garden flowers in the world. Roses evolved from sweetbriers (wild roses). This genus of perennials, with about one hundred species, is mostly native to the north temperate zone. Experts recognize two main classes of the approximately thirteen thousand cultivated rose varieties (cultivars) which have arisen from hybridization of a few original species, mostly from Asia. Members of the original class, such as brier, damask, and moss roses, bloom once a year, in early summer. The others, called perpetual roses, bloom more than once a season. They include the tea roses, polyanthas, and rugosas. Tea roses smell like tea or fruit. Other roses have the distinctive rose smell or no smell at all. True rose flowers are white or various shades of yellow, orange, pink, or red. A perpetual rose bush can grow up to 6 feet (2 meters) tall. Polyantha bushes are low and bear flower clusters, shrub roses grow up to 15 feet (4.5 meters) tall. The leaves of rose plants have stipules (leaflike appendages) at stalk bases and are most often compound.

The name “lily” indicates any of forty-five hundred species of the family Liliaceae. This is one of the largest, most important plant families in the order Liliales. The herbaceous flowering plants have beautiful, showy flowers. True lilies, Liliaceae of the genus Lilium (one hundred species), are native to temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere and are among the oldest of cultivated plants. Examples are Colchis, tiger, Madonna, and Easter lilies. Within the same family are onions, garlic, and asparagus. Also included in Liliales are tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, and amaryllis. Among the eight thousand Liliales species are herbs, climbing shrubs, succulents, and trees. Their thick, fleshy stems grow from underground storage organs, and all have narrow, upright leaves with parallel veins. Most grow worldwide but flourish only in temperate and subtropical areas. These perennials bloom once yearly and store food and water in scaly bulbs, corms, or rhizomes. Stems and leaves may be storage organs, too, and have thick bark to prevent water loss. Many plants in the group can carry out asexual reproduction via bulblets on parent bulbs or flower clusters (for example, garlic).

See also: Blooming Habits, Cultivation

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